Crisis N Aguleri-Umuleri - 2395 Words

Aguleri-Umuleri Crisis. Summary Not only is the incidence of land disputes increasing, they are becoming increasingly serious too. Many lives have already been lost while property with a value running into hundreds of millions has been destroyed. The stress, bereavement impoverishment, disruption of social life and insecurity caused by these conflicts is enormous and is inimical to the development of the communities concerned. This article presents a critical analysis of one such conflict - the ongoing dispute between the Aguleri and Umuleri. It aims to show how these conflicts can be explained with reference to the pre-colonial era, to describe their nature and intensity, to present an account of the intervention strategies that have been†¦show more content†¦It was this land, which was either granted or seized, that was to become the most common source of conflict among neighbouring communities. This conflict was also aggravated by competition among European communities, particularly among different chur ches and levantine companies. In some places, neighbouring communities became divided among two missions. A grant of land to one meant a counter-grant to the other. Where disputed territory is involved, a spiral of conflict is immediately unleashed. The Otuocha land dispute between the Aguleri and Umuleri communities clearly illustrates the role of Europeans in creating and intensifying land disputes. This is a case of grant and counter-grant, sale and counter-sale to Europeans of land that had, historically, been used by the two communities in common without problem. For one thing, the colonial dispensation created a local class of petty-bourgeois who sought property in land for various reasons. This group of social agents became the champions of the interests of their communities chiefly for the purpose of securing political backing for their interests. The burgeoning of town unions, that became the stepping stone for petty-bourgeois political aspirations, is a remarkable feature of this era. Politically and economically marginalised by colonialism, this was the only platform readily open to the petty-bourgeoisie. They therefore became the vanguard of their communities in the various land disputes. Lawyers wereShow MoreRelatedSocio-Economic and Political Dimensions of Conflict4145 Words   |  17 Pagespeaceful co-existence of individuals and groups. Conversely, non-attainment of these conditions is the precursor of disputes, disagreements and violent agitations, the end product of which is social conflict. In the light of the foregoing, Ibenwa C. N. posits that conflict is ontologically rooted in human insatiable and often incompatible needs. The denial of these needs, the author further stated, makes resolvable conflicts to degenerate into violent agitations or armed conflict. Essentially, conflictRead MoreCommunal Conflict in Tiv Land: Strategy for Resolution4118 Words   |  17 PagesKaduna State, 1999; Ijaw and Istekiris of Warri in Delta State, 1999; Hausa/Fulani and Yoruba ethnic conflicts in Oyo and Lagos States respectively, 1999/2000; Jukun/Chamba and Kuteb, Jukun and Tiv in Taraba State, 1998/1999; Igbakwu-Omor, Aguleri and Umuleri communal conflicts of Anambra State, 1999 (Isa, 2001). In Tivland, some of the most notable conflicts include the following: The 1947 chieftaincy riots in Makurdi, Ushongo-Iharev, Isherev-Utyondu, Tiv-Jukun, Tiv-Udam. According to Ayua (2006)

A Brief Look at Langston Hughes - 1413 Words

Langston Hughes Langston Hughes’ challenging background, ethnicity, and era of life can all be thought of reasons as to why his style of writing relates among discrimination and unsettling topics. Although his writing can be said to bring hope to the African Americans, his style can be frightening and daunting when taken the time to read his pieces. They may not seem real, but they are his way of interpreting and informing the future of what African Americans, like himself, had to go through and what they had to experience. Although some of his writing pieces tell about horrible and sad times of the African American people, throughout his poems he brings hope and peace for the culture. The pieces he wrote may not be pleasant to read, however, the past is America’s history, and poetry is part of the history. Langston Hughes focused on dreams in his poetry in hopes of bringing his dream of bringing harmonious relations between blacks and whites to reality. After looking at informati on on Langston Hughes’ life, it’s simple to understand why his poems all relate in similar topics including black discrimination and slavery. There were different and separate times in his life where he experienced topics related to these things. Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri on February 1st, 1902. His mother, Carrie Langston, and his father, James Hughes, divorced when Langston was a child, so he went to live with his grandmother until he was thirteen. He then moved toShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on though all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in the article about Langston Hughes, there were many artist, musicians, and writers such as Langston Hughes, who was a huge part of the Harlem Renaissance period. Langston Hughes was a well-known poet and play writer. In the magazine called â€Å"The Crisis† his poem â€Å"Negros Speak of River† was published in 1921 and brought him attention in all the blackRead MoreLangston Hughes, An American Poet Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was one of the most influential African-American writers during the Harlem Renaissance. He was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri to James and Carrie Mercer Hughes. Hughes parents divorced shortly after his birth and his father moved to Mexico. Hughes went to live with his grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston in Kansas while his mother travelled back and forth with jobs. After his grandmother died he went to live with friends of the family, James and Mary ReedRead MoreLangst on Hughes : A Modernist1222 Words   |  5 PagesSappington 13 Apr. 2017 Langston Hughes: A Modernist Credited as being the most recognizable figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes played a vital role in the Modernist literary movement and the movement to revitalize African American culture in the early 20th century. Hughes’s poems reflect his personal struggle and the collective struggle of African Americans during this cultural revival. Langston Hughes’s life contained key influences on his work. As a child, Hughes witnessed a divorceRead MoreChallenges in The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain by Langston Hughes2027 Words   |  8 Pageswords taken from the essay â€Å"The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,† Langston Hughes offers insightful statements that verge on the boundary of being, in a sense, challenges. He is directly confronting the implicit wariness of social stratification in that he dismisses the societal need for humans to conform and to adopt personalities and views for themselves that are significantly molded by the outside world. Langston Hughes is saying that humans, no matter their circumstance or origin, have theRead MoreA Raisin Review673 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or faster like a sore and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it sags like a h eavy load. Or does it explode†. (Langston Hughes, Harlem) The author Lorraine Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. Lorraine Hansberrys writing style is autobiographical, and was the first black playwright to create realistic black characters for the stage. Leanne HansberrysRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Let America Be America Again 862 Words   |  4 PagesBe America Again† (658) is written by a famous writer by the name of Langston Hughes who is knowledgeable in American literature. Hughes writes this specific piece about the suffrages of what African Americans have encountered and uses a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos to express his thoughts. In the book Arguing About Literature: A Brief Guide by John Schilb and John Clifford gives a brief credibility description of Hughes to let readers knows he knows what he is talking about. He also usesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Dream By Langston Hughes1909 Words   |  8 PagesThe poem Dream by Langston Hughes is about following your dreams, because we never kn ow what our near future can become if we do not attempt to accomplish our visions in life. One way to define the word dreams is to refer to them as a reflection of our possibilities that we desire to think about and aspire to achieve. To add on, not only can dreams get us through hard times, but they are a reminder to ourselves to keep going, plus they provide you with a purpose in life. Hughes states, Hold fastRead MorePoetrys Influences on the Harlem Renaissance2031 Words   |  9 Pagesactually affected by inequality. During the 1920’s African Americans began to express their opinions on the issue more frequently through the arts. Poetry was among the most prominent forms of art used for spreading equality and justice. Poets like Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Claude McKay wrote many poems that spoke on equality in society. African Americans felt betrayed after the civil war. They had given their lives and after the war nothing had changed (Cartwright, â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance†)Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United StatesRead MoreA Research on African-American Literature1898 Words   |  8 Pagesthat he would never be free until we did (Young, 1996, p. 183). Birmingham Sunday by Langston Hughes Langston Hughes (1901 1967) was a Harlem radical and his poem, Birmingham Sunday (Young, 1996, pp. 392-393), reflects his seething anger at racism in 1960s America. Written in 1963 during the Civil Rights struggle championed by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other courageous African American leaders, Hughes poem recounts the racially motivated September 15, 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist

Case Study of the Oldham Riots 2001 free essay sample

26/5/2001 at 8pm a fight between a single Asian youth and a white youth broke out at Good Taste chip shop on the corner of Salford Street and Roundthorn Road in Goldwick and led to a hasty gang of white youths forming via social networking -Further violence erupted when a gang of white men attacked an Asian business and threw a projectile through a window of a house in Goldwick -The gang rampaged through Goldwick attacking multiple people and places -The (white-owned) Live and Let Live pub was targeted and pelted with bricks, stones, bottles and then petrol bombs. Cars were driven to block the fire exits, in an attempt to stop the patrons from escaping the flames. Cars in the surrounding roads were ignited, and police were called. Police officers were pelted by groups of Asian males. A night of violence began and riot police were quickly drafted in to the Glodwick area, rife with both Pakistani and Bangladeshi rioters. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of the Oldham Riots 2001 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is understood that both the Asian and white communities were furious with the recent events in the town. Asians were angry with media coverage and police handling of the various incidents and this may have intensified the riot. In the days and weeks before the riots, several violent and racist disturbances occurred in Oldham, which are attributed to provoking the riots. -Glodwick, an area south-central to Oldham town had become increasingly ethnically polarised. The area which is predominantly home to people of Pakistani origin had been for many years a no-go area for local white people for fear of possible attacks. Although this label was challenged by community leaders as a purely minority view this opinion still stands today 10 years on from the original disturbances. Similarly, areas of predominantly and polarised white inhabited areas had the same perception of no-go to members of the Asian community. This was increasing tensions, and had been reported by the BBC North West Tonight programme, by social-affairs reporter Dave Guest. -On 21 April 2001, a mugging and attack upon 76-year-old white World War II veteran Walter Chamberlain by three Asian youths was amongst the first major  provocations which led to the riots.[15] Mr. Chamberlain was approached as he walked to his home after watching a local amateur rugby league match. He was mugged and badly beaten, receiving fractured bones in the face amongst other injuries. His battered face appeared on the front of the Manchester Evening News, and the story spread to all the major national newspapers. In the Mail on Sunday, his story was told under the headline Whites beware. In the Mirror, his face appeared under the headline Beaten for being white: OAP, 76, attacked in Asian no-go area. Media pundits began to speculate on the apparent transformation of young Asian males from the stereotype of hard-working boys, who respected their parents, to the new stereotype of angry, violent thugs.[11] An Asian male (a Mr. Fokrul Islam) was ultimately charged for the crime of racially-aggravated grievous bodily harm on 1 October 2001, some time after the riots. Walter Chamberlain and his family in an attempt to try to calm tensions in the borough stated at the time that the mugging was just that, and not at all racially motivated.[12]It was a violent assault on an elderly man, said Mr. Chamberlains son Steven. As a family we dont think it was a race issue at all.[14] Since this story was attributed to fuelling further hatred in the local communities race crimes against all sections of society are no longer reported as such for fear of further trouble. -Following a long period of ethnic-tensions, and the attack upon Walter Chamberlain, the far-right National Front political party applied to the council on 26 April for permission to march and demonstrate in Oldham on 5 May. Permission was denied with a three month ban upon public procession in Oldham put in place with the aim of keeping order and preventing further increase of ethnic-tensions. -Several racist skirmishes occurred in the town, including visiting football supporters from Stoke City F.C. hurling racist abuse at local Asian individuals. Attacks followed, initially from Stoke City fans, and then more serious retaliatory attacks and petrol bomb throwing from local male Bangladeshi groups. Following this, on 5 May 2001, there was a day of mounting tension and run-ins between racist and anti-racist groups in the town. Up to fifty National Front supporters, mainly from Birmingham and  London arrived in the town, clashing with members of the Anti-Nazi League and local Asian groups. Five hundred police were deployed, and the events received extensive media coverage. -In the week before the Oldham Riots, a number of racist incidents occurred at Breeze Hill School near Glodwick. Several white youths, some of whom were ex-pupils of the school, approached the school, throwing stones and projectiles at the premises and hurling racist abuse at the majority Asian school pupils. Police were called for five consecutive days from 21 May 2001 to dissipate the disturbances which were reported by the local press. -Glodwick Infant and Nursery School in the centre of Glodwick was targeted, and a bomb threat was given to the school, which has the overal majority of its pupils, being from Muslim families. Everyone was evacuated, but it was only a scare and no bomb was ever implanted within the school. Case Study of the Oldham Riots 2001 free essay sample -At one time Oldham produced 13% of the world’s cotton -It was dependant on the industry -Couldn’t compete with foreign competition (although it tried to until 1989) -After WWII migrants from the commonwealth were encouraged to move to Oldham to supplement the workforce -These were mainly Caribbean and Pakistani, and later Bangladeshi -1960 – Larger numbers of Indians, Pakistanis and Caribbean migrants settled -Due to poor circumstances, they lived in concentrated communities, often the poorest -South Asian populations remained very culturally contrasted within Oldham -Asians make up 12% of the population -Glodwick and Clarksfield are very closed communities of Pakistanis -Westwood and Coldhurst are very closed communities of Bangladeshis -Little Education and working class ethics caused derogatory attitude towards migrants -Urban myths arose causing further tensions Areas such as Sholver, Abbeyhills, Limeside, Fitton Hill were seen as no go areas for Asians (which was proved when whites only graffiti was found by the Richie Report) oThe council were also holding back the socio-economic development of Asians oWhites believed that more money was spent on Asians on mosque building etc (Majority of investment was actually in white areas, Goldwick and Westwood received  £16m and Hathershaw and Fitton Hill received  £53m) oAsians believed that the police instigated the Oldham Riots oWhites that the flag of England was being removed from council buildings to celebrate Asian culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of the Oldham Riots 2001 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page -A review blamed deep rooted segregation which was not addressed -Poverty and lack of opportunity Mid Term Causes -In the year leading to the Oldham Riots, there were 572 reported ethnically motivated crimes -In 62% white people were victims -Nick Griffin of BNP announced he would stand for election in Oldham Wet and Royton -National Front announced its interest in the area too -According to the BBC, conflicts were caused by poverty, social disadvantage and a high percentage of young males -Tony Blair blamed the actions of the National Front and BNP Short Term Causes -26/5/2001 at 8pm a fight between a single Asian youth and a white youth broke out at Good Taste chip shop on the corner of Salford Street and Roundthorn Road in Goldwick and led to a hasty gang of white youths forming via social networking -Further violence erupted when a gang of white men attacked an Asian business and threw a projectile through a window of a house in Goldwick -The gang rampaged through Goldwick attacking multiple people and places -The (white-owned) Live and Let Live pub was targeted and pelted with bricks, stones, bottles and then petrol bombs. Cars were driven to block the fire exits, in an attempt to stop the patrons from escaping the flames. Cars in the surrounding roads were ignited, and police were called. Police officers were pelted by groups of Asian males. A night of violence began and riot police were quickly drafted in to the Glodwick area, rife with both Pakistani and Bangladeshi rioters. It is understood that both the Asian and white communities were furious with the recent events in the town. Asians were angry with media coverage and police handling of the various incidents and this may have intensified the riot. In the days and weeks before the riots, several violent and racist disturbances occurred in Oldham, which are attributed to provoking the riots. -Glodwick, an area south-central to Oldham town had become increasingly ethnically polarised. The area which is predominantly home to people of Pakistani origin had been for many years a no-go area for local white people for fear of possible attacks. Although this label was challenged by community leaders as a purely minority view this opinion still stands today 10 years on from the original disturbances. Similarly, areas of predominantly and polarised white inhabited areas had the same perception of no-go to members of the Asian community. This was increasing tensions, and had been reported by the BBC North West T onight programme, by social-affairs reporter Dave Guest. -On 21 April 2001, a mugging and attack upon 76-year-old white World War II veteran Walter Chamberlain by three Asian youths was amongst the first major  provocations which led to the riots.[15] Mr. Chamberlain was approached as he walked to his home after watching a local amateur rugby league match. He was mugged and badly beaten, receiving fractured bones in the face amongst other injuries. His battered face appeared on the front of the Manchester Evening News, and the story spread to all the major national newspapers. In the Mail on Sunday, his story was told under the headline Whites beware. In the Mirror, his face appeared under the headline Beaten for being white: OAP, 76, attacked in Asian no-go area. Media pundits began to speculate on the apparent transformation of young Asian males from the stereotype of hard-working boys, who respected their parents, to the new stereotype of angry, violent thugs.[11] An Asian male (a Mr. Fokrul Islam) was ultimately charged for the crim e of racially-aggravated grievous bodily harm on 1 October 2001, some time after the riots. Walter Chamberlain and his family in an attempt to try to calm tensions in the borough stated at the time that the mugging was just that, and not at all racially motivated.[12]It was a violent assault on an elderly man, said Mr. Chamberlains son Steven. As a family we dont think it was a race issue at all.[14] Since this story was attributed to fuelling further hatred in the local communities race crimes against all sections of society are no longer reported as such for fear of further trouble. -Following a long period of ethnic-tensions, and the attack upon Walter Chamberlain, the far-right National Front political party applied to the council on 26 April for permission to march and demonstrate in Oldham on 5 May. Permission was denied with a three month ban upon public procession in Oldham put in place with the aim of keeping order and preventing further increase of ethnic-tensions. -Several racist skirmishes occurred in the town, including visiting football supporters from Stoke City F.C. hurling racist abuse at local Asian individuals. Attacks followed, initially from Stoke City fans, and then more serious retaliatory attacks and petrol bomb throwing from local male Bangladeshi groups. Following this, on 5 May 2001, there was a day of mounting tension and run-ins between racist and anti-racist groups in the town. Up to fifty National Front supporters, mainly from Birmingham and  London arrived in the town, clashing with members of the Anti-Nazi League and local Asian groups. Five hundred police were deployed, and the events received extensive media coverage. -In the week before the Oldham Riots, a number of racist incidents occurred at Breeze Hill School near Glodwick. Several white youths, some of whom were ex-pupils of the school, approached the school, throwing stones and projectiles at the premises and hurling racist abuse at the majority Asian school pupils. Police were called for five consecutive days from 21 May 2001 to dissipate the disturbances which were reported by the local press. -Glodwick Infant and Nursery School in the centre of Glodwick was targeted, and a bomb threat was given to the school, which has the overal majority of its pupils, being from Muslim families. Everyone was evacuated, but it was only a scare and no bomb was ever implanted within the school.

Position By Carol Berge Essays - Carol Peletier,

Position By Carol Berge "Position" was written in 1964 and was one of the few poems that jumped out at me. Position can be inspiration to all of us but I feel as though it is more or less about the long road to find the love of your life. Carol Berge`, the author of "Position" was born in 1928 and was divorced after the birth of her son. Berge's poetry focuses on self-respect and people seeking love such as in this poem. I believe the past is hard for everyone to deal with; when past experiences are bad experiences we tend to carry along the baggage and try to protect ourselves from making the same mistake. Unfortunately, we close ourselves off, not allowing us to succeed and create a good memory to overturn the bad. A fear of pain is almost more dangerous than pain itself. The poem uses generally known vocabulary making it easy to read and easy to understand yet it has no stress pattern. She makes use of figurative language by utilizing metaphors, symbols, and consonance. She speaks of a mother who "whipped the spirit out of her son", symbolizes herself as all women, and displays consonance in the ninth line when she states "wouldn't...couldn't...didn't". I really enjoyed the way she spoke of a previous girl who didn't do any of the right things. It is easy to prejudge others, to put a face value on someone we don't even know. When something painful has happened in the past, we learn from it, take value out of the event, and yet we never want it to happen again. When a man is beaten by his mother, his idea of all mothers is tarnished and he is no longer willing to think well of mothers. Berge` talks about "the girl who didn't, or wouldn't or couldn't but didn't." Because of past experiences the idea of any girl as a positive and fulfilling partner is no longer valid in a mind that was once opened to the world. Berge` then reverses the situation by asking the question, but "what chance have I got/ unless you consider/ that you stand before me too." What about all the men that have given bad impressions or all the fathers who have beaten their daughters? Without opening ourselves up to hurt again, we can never open ourselves up to love again. We are so busy trying to judge others that we never realize they are also judging us. When the past is always haunting us and telling us not to make the same mistake again it is easy to just give up and forget about ever opening ourselves up to love again. I chose this poem because I enjoyed the last segment very much. "What chance have I got/ unless you consider/ that you stand before me too." I was having a lot of difficulty dealing with the past and never stopped to realize, while I was so quick to pass judgment, I was not only the judge but the defendant as well. I was so stuck on the idea that she did this and that in the past that I didn't stop to realize that we were both in the same situation. I also enjoyed the presence of lines four through ten, which talk about the past leaving bad images in our minds. Everyone has had something happen in the past where they carry over the memory and it affects them throughout their life, anything from a broken heart to a broken home. When a heart is broken it is hard to re-open it to anyone, the fear of another pain is just too great. Position really puts things into perspective and can inspire anyone, no matter what situation you get yourself into. It is important to realize that while we may be passing judgment on others, they are also passing judgment on us. Judge each individual as an individual not based on a past experience. Let everything teach a lesson but do not close yourself off to others because of a few bad experiences.